Hey Gen Z, if you want to be depressed and suicidal before you’re 30…smoke weed everyday!

Brandon Vecchiola

Click bait?  Yes, this is true.  But now that you’re here, ask yourself a question:  What are you willing to do to ensure that you have the best experience of life you possibly can?  Think…Think…Think… okay stop thinking.  If the answer wasn’t “anything I have to!” then you need to think about it some more.

Life is far from perfect. We all strive, in different ways, to seek comfort and sooth ourselves.  When the going gets tough, some of us run, some swim, some of us seek sex or drugs.  Some of us embed in community or seek out nature; some crave adventure. Some folks love to see red. 

Some of these ways of coping, dealing, and experiencing are healthier than others (that’s just a fact).  Certainly, each Human Being reserves their right to do whatever they wish with their own body (provided it doesn’t harm others).  But if they wish to have the most pleasant experience of life as possible, then we should learn to listen, albeit with some healthy skepticism, to our scientists. 

Though they look like a sinister bunch, adorned in white smocks, conducting experiments and gathering around data rolling their fingers and conjuring statistics from cauldrons of confusion.  They have valuable information to offer us.  Remember when doctors used to say that smoking was good for you?  Well, unfortunately, a similar misinformation campaign has been ongoing in our culture regarding cannabis.

Hey, don’t get me wrong, I’m not against adults recreationally, or even vocationally, enjoying drugs: it’s your life grown-ups, live it however you wanna.  It even has utility as a medicine for some people. However, I am concerned that the 20% of Canadian adolescents who used cannabis last year are not adequately informed about the dangers associated with prolonged and early drug use.  I certainly wasn’t.

To my surprise a study released last year claims that cannabis, weed, Mary-Jane, Krypto-Chronic-Kryptonite and the Killa’ Kush: might actually kill you (not a scare tactic, keep reading). 

Dr. Gabriella Gobbi MD, PhD, CSPQ is an associate professor and researcher from McGill University, and the first author of the study “Association of Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Young Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” 

Dr Gobbi studies, among other things, the “short- and long-term effects of cannabis use in mood and anxiety and the potential beneficial effects of the drugs acting on the endocannabinoid system”.  Though, she has nothing good to report.  

The goal of their study was to determine if there was a long term association between cannabis use in adolescence and depression, anxiety, and suicidality in young adults (between the ages of 18 and 32).  I’ll save you the suspense, the answer is yes.  Adolescents who use cannabis at higher frequencies are more likely to experience the negative outcomes listed above in young adulthood.  There have already been studies which have linked cannabis use with high rates of depression in adolescence.  What made this study novel, was that it utilized a longitudinal study  to assessed the mental health outcomes of people who “blaze it up.”

Longitudinal studies are studies in which researches follow a group of people over time and assess the outcomes of interest at different time points.  Although this method isn’t’ as robust as experimentation in determining the causal relationship between different events, it is a valuable form of evidence when used with other research techniques.  The combined evidence from multiple lines of investigation can be used to arrive at a conclusion about some issue.

This study was a meta-analysis.  Let me explain what that is and why it’s important.  A meta-analysis gathers up several studies in a particular area, averages the findings of those studies and makes a determination as to whether or not a claim about something can be justified.  For example, a single study that claims antidepressants help alleviate depression isn’t enough evidence to support the widespread distribution of an antidepressant drug.  However, if there were 10 studies, some which said anti-depressants work, and a couple that said they didn’t work, a meta-analysis would average those findings and make a determination: on average, anti-depressants alleviate depression, and so doctors should prescribe them as a first line of defense for depression (end of example).

The authors of this study wanted to answer the question “is cannabis use in adolescence associated with depression, anxiety and suicidality in adulthood?"  But they wanted to make sure that as many factors as possible were accounted for before answering that question. So, the authors only included studies that were peer-reviewed, longitudinal, focused on cannabis, measured depression, anxiety, and suicide, assessed  younger than 18, and then again at least one more time in their adulthood. The authors also adjusted their findings for age, sex, and depression at initial assessment.  Level of parental education, socioeconomic status, alcohol use, and tobacco use were also controlled for.  All this to ask, all things being equal, what effect does weed have on your mental?

From the scientific research databases 3142 articles of interest were identified, 269 articles were reviewed, 35 were critically assessed, and 11 articles including 23 317 people were included in the final statistical analysis.  The researchers used something called an Odds Ratio to determine the likely hood of developing these disorders. An odds ratio, in this situation, tells us the likelihood of developing a mood disorder if you used cannabis in adolescence.  For people who use cannabis in adolescence, the researches determined the following:

There was no association between anxiety and cannabis use discovered.

You are 1.37 times more likely to develop depression in adulthood than nonusers

You are 1.50 times more likely to develop suicidal ideation than nonusers

You are 3.46 times more likely to attempt suicide than nonusers

Teens who started earlier in life (14-15) and those who continued using into their college years fair worse than others. However, the relationship stays the same no matter how young you are when you stop.  Interestingly, the association was not present at the 1 year follow up, but it was at the ten year follow up (something to consider).

The authors also report on significant brain changes that are linked to cannabis use.  Brain volume and density changes, neurotransmitter irregularities, and cross over effects such as increased tolerance for morphine, amphetamine, and cocaine in cannabis users. This last effect may be thought of as good depending on your perspective, but my gut tells me this is probably not ideal for healthy development.

So here we are again folks.  Some adult telling the youth not to use drugs: “if you use drugs your going to die”, “your brain on drugs is basically a fried egg in an oil pan.” Priceless, timeless advice.  Here is the thing, not everyone develops these problems.  The odds ratios are low.  However, the nearly 3.5 times likelihood of someone attempting suicide is an alarming figure.

The problem with correlational and longitudinal studies is that they cannot fully establish causation.  And even if they could, the outcome wouldn't be the same for everyone.  In science we deal with probabilities.  Some smokers never develop cancer.  That doesn't mean smoking doesn't cause cancer.  It just means, by chance, and some other factors, some individuals beat the odds.  So, It may not be that cannabis is the main causal factor.  And in fact, I don’t think it is.

Enter some informed speculation.  

Which factors drive people to daily, debilitating, and prolonged drug use?  This is the important question.  There is a strong correlation between substances of abuse and many other mental health disorders; depression, suicide, post traumatic stress, traumas of all kinds, and borderline personality disorder to name a few.  People abuse drugs to mask pain.  For me, it is as simple as that.  The problem is that drugs don't always make things better.  By altering your physiology and reducing your capacity for healthy coping, they can make things much worse.  Even those "soft drugs" like little Ol' Mary-Jane.

Then what is the solution?

Alleviate the pain!  Find a way to connect, heal and create new meaning.  Fabricate your supreme fiction (but in a good way okay?).  Engage with inspiring people more often.  If your friends are bringing you down...find new friends.  If your partner sucks...leave them.  If your job sucks...find something better.  If you need therapy...go get therapy!  Yes easy for me to say...I know.  I'm not the one who has to make the changes.  Well in fact, I have made changes like these.  And so have many other people.  They are creeping among us like day walking vampires, hiding in plain sight.  Living new lives free from the fetters of the past.  

Recovery is possible. 

Change is possible.  

It's yours for the taking!

So, I’ll ask you again: What are you willing to do to ensure that you have the best experience of life you possibly can?

Thames Valley Addiction Services 

http://adstv.on.ca/

Canadian Mental Health Association
https://ontario.cmha.ca/documents/finding-and-navigating-addiction-services-for-children-and-youth/

Craigwood Youth Services

https://www.rehab.ca/craigwood-youth-services/1100051-r

Gobbi, G., Atkin, T., Zytynski, T., Wang, S., Askari, S., Boruff, J., … Mayo, N. (2019). Association of Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Young Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(4), 426–434. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500

Healthy Body, Healthy Mind?: The Antidepressant Effects of Exercise

Mariam Elnazali

     Mental illness affects us all: whether that is something we personally struggle with, or it’s someone we know, like a family member or a friend. Sadly, mental illness is an issue that is becoming increasingly common. One of the most prevalent, depression has become the number one reason for disability, impacting approximately 3,000,000 people. It is even linked with a number of physical illnesses such as cardiovascular diseases. The problem of high mental illness rates aren’t only something that affects people on a personal level, it also has heavy economic impacts on our societies. While there have been many strides in improvements for treating depressive treatments, in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy (drug treatments), much of the research suggests the treatment effects of these treatments leave room for improvements. Little or moderate effects have been found using these treatments, and the even bigger issue is that the prevalence of illness rates in our populations hasn’t really been affected.

A major issue with the treatment of depression is that different people have different symptoms, no two are alike. While the current treatments certainly need some work, evidence has indicated that physical activity acts as an antidepressant, proposing a complementary type of treatment alongside these current ones. Exercise has numerous benefits for our body, both physically and emotionally. We have all heard about the positive benefits of physical activity on our mental health, "Healthy body, healthy mind" we are told. The current literature on physical activity and its effects on depression suggests lowered rates of depression as a result of high rates of exercise, with 17% less of a chance compared to individuals with less frequent exercise habits. As well, research has found links between low physical activity and the chance of depression.

But our understanding behind these effects is still limited. Researchers are only starting to understand the mechanisms behind this idea of using exercise for the treatment of depression. Exercise offers a potentially novel method to help in alleviating the symptoms of depression and reducing the risk of the illness to begin with. However, to optimally utilize this as a treatment, we need to understand how it works. 

A review conducted by Kandola, Ashdown-Franks, Hendrikse and Sabiston looked at these processes, and the effects that exercise has on the brain, such as inflammation of the brain, on stress and self-esteem, and many other changes. For example, they suggested that targeting these neuroplasticity pathways might help to counteract the brain structure abnormalities that have been found in people with depression. Abnormalities, such as a smaller hippocampus compared to depression-free individuals. This might potentially help reduce depressive symptoms, if this disruption of pathways contributes to depression, as it has been theorized. You're asking me though, what is neuroplasticity? Basically, it's the brain's ability to change itself after new events such as a brain injury or a disease by forming new connections. They discussed how different intensities for exercise (for example, high intensity vs. less intensive) can produce different neural and biological responses, and how exercise times would vary depending on the individual.

Further research on these underlying mechanisms definitely needs to be done to optimally deduce the best applications of exercise to help in treating depression. The benefits resulting from this would be to potentially apply exercise treatments for depressive symptoms, which could help to lower the prevalence in illness rates, if found to be successful. Or, it could help to reduce the percentage of people who rely on psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. The potential for new treatments in this area of mental illness is certainly exciting. Meanwhile, the research about the positive impacts of physical activity on depressive symptoms is enough to warrant hitting the gym if suffering from a mental illness such as depression. It's good for your body, so either way, incorporating a little exercise into your lifestyle is a win-win!

References:

Jr., W. C. S. (2017, January 24). Definition of Neuroplasticity. Retrieved from https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=40362

Kandola, A., Ashdown-Franks, G., Hendrikse, J., Sabiston, C. M., & Stubbs, B. (2019). Physical activity and depression: Towards understanding the antidepressant mechanisms of physical activity. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 107, 525-539. doi:http://dx.doi.org.proxy1.lib.uwo.ca/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.040