Protective Behavioural Strategies Shown to Lower the Risk of Alcohol-Induced Blackouts

 By Natasha Savanhu

Most of us enjoy the occasional cocktail at a special dinner date or a bar, cheering with friends. Some welcome the company of a California ruby red cabernet sauvignon with a moment of relaxation after a long hard day at work. But, then, there is just the absolute satisfaction of cracking open an ice-cold beer while watching your favourite team play. 

Whatever your fancy, we know that alcohol consumption is prevalent in our society. Yet, the adverse consequences of alcohol can be dangerous, specifically instances of memory loss or amnesia about the previous day or night's events. One may recall some part of the night but then draws a complete blank.

Dr. Timmen L. Cermak – Psychology Today, shares a story of the consequences of alcohol blackout  (Credit: Getty Images)

How Will a Recession Affect Our Children?

 By: Matt Grandy

The Current Situation

The number of families facing economic pressure (EP) in Canada is rising, along with inflation rates and the demand for affordable housing. It is low family income and job insecurity that is associated with EP. Unmet material needs are also tied to EP. This could be the lack of food or clothing, and not being able to pay the monthly bills. More families are relying on food banks and there seems to be no end in sight. From March 2019 to March 2022 there has been a 35 percent increase in visits to the food bank. From economists to politicians, warnings of a recession, beginning in the early months of 2023, are circulating throughout the media. We must wonder, what will the impact be on our children.

Economic Pressure and Child Development 

A recent study shows how EP is linked to poorer outcomes for child development. It all begins with a poor economy, which is correlated with family EP. Then, EP puts parents at a higher risk for increased stress, which is tied to changes in their well-being. This can allow negative parenting behavior and family conflict to become more likely. Parenting behaviors are believed to be the link between EP and child development. Research shows that negative parenting behavior is associated with increased symptoms of anxiety, depression, and aggression in children. Children are also more likely to show less self-control and poor social skills as a result.

By nature, children tend to be more vulnerable to negative events than adults. The stress of EP may predict more negative parenting behaviors and more negative interactions within the family. This is associated with lasting effects on children’s social and emotional development. With a recession on the horizon, support for parents may be needed to reduce the likelihood of these negative outcomes. Lower socioeconomic families are at even higher risk. So, it is particularly important to make sure these supports are accessible to low-income families.

 Strong families could be the key to rebuilding an economy after a recession. This is because it is parents who shape the next generation. Through positive parenting practices, they can support their child’s development. But to do this, parents need more support during tough times to protect the future of their children.

Take Away

If you only take one thing away from this post, please take this; now, more than ever, parents must realize their role in their child’s development. The EP that is ahead of us can have a lasting effect on our children and the generations to come. We must stand together as a community to support our Canadian families. This is our chance to make a positive impact on our children. 

Can Physical Health Protect Us from Long-Term COVID-19 Effects?

Noran Almomen 

Living through a global pandemic came with many long-lasting effects in different areas of our lives. For many of us, the global COVID-19 pandemic brought about economic hardships, personal losses, and other difficult experiences that ultimately affected our mental health and overall sense of wellbeing. 

A year into the  pandemic, when many people had contracted COVID, experienced the symptoms and seemingly recovered, we began to hear of and discuss terms such as long COVID, or COVID brain, brain fog and so on. 

 

What do terms such as long COVID mean? 

These terms refer to a group of long-term effects resulting from symptoms of the COVID-19 infection on the brain, and more specifically on cognition. Cognition is our ability to think, reason, process and store information, as well as experience emotions. 

 

What long-term effects have people experienced after being infected with COVID? When people talk about long COVID most of them are referring to the difficulties in cognition and that they have experienced in their day to day lives. These effects include:

·      memory difficulties

·      trouble with attention

·      decreased reasoning and problem-solving

These effects can interfere with our day to day lives in many areas, including work, school, social life, and others. The issue of long COVID is extremely important because over 600 million people have been infected with COVID-19 since the beginning of the pandemic.

 

To help us understand the effects of long COVID, researchers at Western University published a paper in September 2022. This study examined these long-term effects of COVID-19 on the brain, what contributed to the effects, what seemed to reduce the risk as well as who is more likely to experience them, and so on. This research was done to understand how we can decrease their effects on our daily lives. 

 

What do we know about long COVID?

In the research, it was found that people with better-than-average physical health were the people who experienced the least of these effects after the infection. It was also found that people with worse-than-average physical health had the most long-term effects on cognition. This means that physical health is very important in terms of us fully recovering from COVID-19. 

 

How can we protect ourselves against long COVID? 

Better physical health does not only mean going to the gym more. Better physical health starts with small daily steps that everyone can do. Something as simple as a daily 30-minute walk can make a difference. Instead of driving to your local coffee shop, walk there. Instead of busing to school, bike there. Moving our bodies daily, even for just a few minutes, can benefit our physical health. 

Also, keeping up with vaccinations and boosters is very important. COVID-19 vaccines, and the Flu vaccines are very effective. They reduce the severity of illness and make it less likely for us to have long-term effects. Wearing masks indoors is also a key factor in maintaining our health. Wearing masks and washing our hands as well as keeping our distance in crowds are important steps we could take to prevent many illnesses, not just COVID-19. 

 

Why is it important to follow these steps?

By making sure we are washing our hands, social distancing, and wearing our masks we are helping to minimize spreading the disease. By stopping the spread, we are maintaining our physical health. Maintaining our physical health maintains our brain health. This makes long COVID less likely, meaning less cognitive trouble, and better mental wellbeing. 

Links to references: 

COVID-19 and Mental Health

Long Covid

Cognition Definition

Disentangling the cognitive, physical, and mental health sequelae of COVID-19 (2022)

Worldwide COVID-19 Cases

Benefits of Daily Walks

COVID Vaccine Effectiveness

Masking and Social Distancing

How the Mind Affects Mindfulness

 Alex Barnard

Image retrieved from: https://www.rawpixel.com/search/spiritual?page=1&sort=curated&topic_group=_topics

Recently the media has been paying more attention to mindfulness and how it affects mental health. Mindfulness being a state of mind reached by focusing on the present. The most common affect people have found for mindfulness is that it helps lower stress.

                Because of this rise in popularity studies have been created to further look at the effects mindfulness can have on mental health. The focus of this blog is on one paper that looked at how our perception can change the effects of mindfulness. For this paper they had participants write about how they think mindfulness affected them after they completed a jigsaw puzzle. The paper involved two separate studies each with separate groups.

Study 1:
Group A:
  o   Half were told a history of jigsaw puzzles.
  o   Half were told the same history and informed the jigsaw they will complete was mindful.
Group B:
  o   Half were told a history of jigsaw puzzles.
  o   Half were given genuine mindfulness instructions to follow while completing the jigsaw puzzle.

Study 2:
Group C:
  o   Half were told a history of jigsaw puzzles.
  o   Half were given genuine mindfulness instructions to follow with a positive impression.
Group D:
  o   Half were told a history of jigsaw puzzles.
  o   Half were given genuine mindfulness instructions to follow with a negative impression.

Before and after each study the researchers looked at the mental health states of the participants through some questionnaires. Since this was done through questionnaires the impression of how the participants think the mindfulness affected them would be more noticeable. This effect is known as the expectancy effect, where people tend to report on results they think researchers want to see. This can also show up as the placebo effect, where the patient thinks something is having an effect causes an effect to actually happen.

                The results showed some evidence for the placebo effect as patients just told the puzzle was mindful had lower stress levels. The genuine instruction group had even lower stress levels, however. Because they were given genuine instructions their belief might have been stronger, with a bigger placebo effect. This shows how our mind can affect how mindfulness impacts us. The second study showed a positive impression with the instructions was more related to lower stress more than the negative impression. The half of each group given a history of jigsaws also tended to have lower stress levels than the negative impression group.

                Since even using the word mindfulness can affect the results it might be best to avoid using it in future studies. Like everything else mindfulness is affected by what we think about it. It works better if we think it’s good for us and worse if we think it’s bad. Since most people have probably heard about mindfulness before when conducting studies on the topic it will be best to keep it vague. By not mentioning mindfulness we can try to avoid these effects to find more clear information on the benefits of mindfulness. This is good for research and all but what about the practice of mindfulness itself? Well as the study suggests the best results one could get from mindfulness is approaching it with a positive view. Fortunately, placebo effects are mostly a concern within research for finding clear data. If you’re just looking to lower your stress through the use of mindfulness the best thing to do would be to just approach it positively.

References

Ghanbari Noshari, M., Kempton, H. M., & Kreplin, U. (2022). Mindfulness or expectancy? The label of mindfulness leads to expectancy effects. Counselling & Psychotherapy Research, https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12589

Exercise Strengthens the Body— And Possibly the Mind, Too

Lena Marks

We all know that staying active is good for our bodies. While there are a lot of physical benefits linked to exercising, the mental health benefits don’t get nearly as much attention. Physical exercise can assist in improving not only physical strength but also the mental strength needed to overcome everyday challenges. Focusing on your physical health could be essential to improving your mental health.

The Influence of Physical Activity on Mental Health

Through exercising, individuals engage in a mind-body connection. According to Dr. Patricia Hart, a proponent of mind-body practices, what we do with our physical body (our eating habits, levels of physical activity, and even our posture), can either positively or negatively influence our mental state. As such, the extent we engage in physical activity can impact our mental states. The sense of accomplishment after completing a workout milestone or the negative emotional state arising from falling short of doing so has been shown to stimulate the nervous system. This stimulation can promote increases in brain and nerve excitation which can lead to lower levels of perceived psychological pressure. Research has supported that both short-term and long-term physical activity can help reduce negative mental states, such as anxiety and depression, that are brought on by psychological pressure. Physical activity can help improve self-control and promote responsiveness to our emotional states. Furthermore, individuals become more aware of their emotions while exercising. Increased awareness is linked to individuals being more responsive to their stress and more likely to consider a way to reduce that stress.

Integrating Daily Physical Exercises to Improve Mental Health

It would be an understatement to say that life can get tough sometimes. It is essential not to allow the stressors of life to get in the way of engaging in protective mental health measures. Depending on your health status and physical condition, methods for developing suitable exercise routines to improve your mental health are accessible. As a protective measure, in preparing to complete a challenging task, you should try to schedule some breaks for physical activity. If you can’t make it to your local gym, even going on a brisk walk can support your mental health. Researchers recommend exercising for a minimum of 30 minutes each day, at least three times per week, to reduce anxiety and depression symptoms. However, even shorter bursts of exercise, as little as 15 to 20 minutes at a time, might still have an impact. A recent study investigating the influence of physical exercise on the mental health of college students showed an inverse relationship between the amount of time spent exercising and perceived psychological pressure levels. The study highlighted that the levels of perceived psychological pressure decreased as the time spent exercising increased.

Exercising for Your Mental Health

Exercise has been shown to have a powerful influence on both the mind and body. Having a good relationship with physical activity can be a useful method for improving your mental health and lifestyle. The power of exercise to make us feel better—both physically and mentally —is often underestimated. I hope this discussion on why exercise has a significant positive impact on our well-being will inspire you to engage in physical exercise in your day-to-day lives. 

If you are interested in learning more about at-home exercises that require no equipment and are perfect for any level, I have included a few links below:

How To Exercise at Home Without Equipment

The 8 Best At-Home Workout Routines: The Ultimate Guide for Training Without a Gym

The Beginner Bodyweight Workout: 20-Minute Routine To Do At Home or Anywhere!

 

            Economic Strain, Mental Health and Hidden Populations

Musiime Mushega

 

Despite seeing many positive shifts as we emerge from a global pandemic, increasing economic downturn proves a common trait of our current societal direction. In October 2022, the International Monetary Fund voiced that there has been a broad and sharp drop-in economic activity; with historic inflation rates over the past few decades and growth of living expenses restricting financial security. In this current context of rising inflation, heightened job precarity and increased expenses, many may find themselves in difficult financial situations. This economic hardship may sprout problems with psychological well-being, potentially appearing in forms such as anxiety, relationship issues and poor coping behaviours.

 

Strain on the Brain

During times of economic hardship, strain is often felt in a number of areas. Work instability may increase struggles to keep up with expenses. This in-turn can contribute to concerns about what lays ahead. Given our recent stint with COVID-19, it’s pretty clear stressful situations can take a toll on mental health. This area may not receive needed attention in times of economic hardship. Research notes this point in discussion of economic struggles and mental health’s effects. For instance, the health of a population correlates with social and economic events. This means periods of economic downturn or ascent will reflect different population health outcomes. Economic events could affect spending ability, the quality of life and thus, our health outcomes. Given the value of our mental-health to our well-being, it seems that more importance should be placed on it as we cope with economic instability. Prioritizing mental health ensures we are able to perform and feel the best we can while weathering the storm.

 

Economic Strain’s Toll

Research has compared variables on presence of mental health disorder, psychological well-being and substance related disorders in data pre and post economic down-turn. Here, the aim is to see if any differences exist in the two time frames. Data shows a clear trend toward times of economic hardship being accompanied by poorer mental health. The mentioned variables all have negative scores in times of post economic down-turn. These variables illustrate some of the potential outcomes faced by individuals in populations undergoing economic instability, making clear the value of interventions in such settings. For example, the discussed increase in substance abuse disorder is attributed to binge drinking; with overall alcohol use going down due to economic decline, but rates of binge drinking increasing due to stress.

 

Strain and Hidden Populations

Beyond the struggles of the general population discussed, I want to take a moment to focus on hidden populations. Economic strain may significantly harm those in already vulnerable positions. This may further present systemic inequalities. For example, research on the relationship between economic strain, young adult sexual minorities and heart disease risk factors found links between sexual minority status and financial hardship, but none between sexual minorities and presence of heart related risks. Given the higher risk for anxiety, depression and substance abuse amongst sexual minorities, financial strain works to create another set of issues. This financial strain may intersect with present struggles; compounding problems. Minorities exist in a number of areas, from sexual (as presented here) to racial or in terms of ability; making evident the possible depth economic strain can have for various minority populations. This breadth in minority form further validates the need for assisting such populations. Given the mental health outcomes of economic strain discussed, and the increased struggle faced by some populations, ensuring mental wellness in these groups during economic hardship is of clear importance. Mental health skills provide healthy coping and resilience tools to these populations, allowing them to encounter struggles well-equipped.

 

Take Away

Given the value of our mental health to wellbeing, it is important we take care of it, especially in difficult economic times. One way this can be achieved is through changing how we handle stressful events. Through awareness of healthy coping mechanisms, we can give ourselves access to better options when dealing with economic instability's effects on mental health. This use of healthy methods ensures related stress is alleviated in a manner that preserves our best interests. Some of these methods include…

-Maintaining a normal routine

-Taking care of your body

• Take deep breaths when stressed

• Eat a balanced diet

• Exercise

• Get plenty of sleep

-Talking to others

-Avoiding drugs and alcohol

-Recognizing when you may need more help

Word Count: 711

Flesch-Kincaid: 11.4

References

Catalano, R., & Dooley, D. (1983). Health Effects of Economic Instability: A Test of Economic Stress Hypothesis. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(1), 46–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136302

CDC. (2021, November 30). Tips for coping with stress|publications|violence prevention|injury Center|CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/about/copingwith-stresstips.html#:~:text=Eat%20healthy%2C%20exercise%2C%20get%20plenty,healthy%2C%20well%2Dbalanced%20meals.

Frasquilho, D., Matos, M. G., Salonna, F., Guerreiro, D., Storti, C. C., Gaspar, T., & Caldas-de-Almeida, J. M. (2016, February 3). Mental health outcomes in times of economic recession: A systematic literature review - BMC public health. BioMed Central.https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-016-2720-y#citeas 

Godinić, D., & Obrenovic, B. (2020). Effects of economic uncertainty on mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic context: social identity disturbance, job uncertainty and psychological well-being model. International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development, 6(1). 10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.61.2005

 

Goldberg, S. K., Conron, K. J., & Halpern, C. T. (2019). Metabolic Syndrome and Economic Strain Among Sexual Minority Young Adults. LGBT health, 6(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2018.0053

Harkness, K. L., & Hayden, E. P. (Eds.). (2020). The Oxford handbook of stress and mental health. Oxford University Press, USA.

https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.001.0001

International Monetary Fund. (2022). World Economic Outlook, October 2022: Countering the cost-of-living crisis. IMF. Retrieved November 21, 2022, from https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2022/10/11/world-economic-outlook-october-2022

Martin Plöderl & Pierre Tremblay (2015) Mental health of sexual minorities. A systematic review, International Review of Psychiatry, 27:5, 367-385, 

DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2015.1083949

How COVID-19 Mandates Affect the Health of our Children

Nicolas Bonilla Giraldo 

The pandemic completely changed our lives in one way or another. If you are like me, the challenges of social distancing had (and still have) drastic changes in our daily routines. Even though it is normal to experience these effects, disadvantaged children’s health is especially affected by these mandates. These restrictions create challenges in children who are in an essential period of development. As children spend more time at home, their mental health, lifestyle behaviours and wellbeing can suffer unhealthy changes.

 

But what are children experiencing during lockdown?

With the lockdown set in place, students from all over were introduced to online learning. Although experiences vary widely, I can tell you that no one was more excited than my younger brother. He is not your morning person at all. I remember him saying “this is heaven” as he joined his Zoom class with a blanket over his shoulders! However, this was just the beginning of what was to come. 

 

During the first lockdown, research collected in four different Canadian provinces tells us how children experienced changes in their lifestyle behaviours, wellbeing, and mental health. Even though most children showed to have positive views towards a healthy lifestyle during this time, 2/3 decreased in physical activity. They actually engaged more in sedentary behaviour which are activities that require minimal effort such as playing video games and using the cellphone. It is interesting how technology became both the primary source of entertainment and education for children. But, does this influence their motivation or how they are feeling?

Take a look back at your childhood. Do you remember the thrill of making new friends and wanting to be at school all day to have fun with them? Going out at lunch and playing tag or hopscotch. You may remember how loud the classes were when everyone tried to participate or how you wanted to sit down beside your best friend. Well, let me ask you this. How do you think children’s mental health and wellbeing are when they do not get these experiences in person?

The mandates affected us differently and children are not the exception. Some are affected more than others. Some may have more resources to keep themselves entertained or have healthier lifestyles enforced by parents. Although most children perceived their mental health to be better, a small and important portion of children do experience feeling lonely and bored more. Attending schools could have important developmental resources that can be key for the health of children who may not have the same resources. Thus, attending to school could serve as a key source for some children who may lack the appropriate resources at home to maintain a healthy physical and mental development.

 

So, what can we do? 

Don’t worry, there is still light at the end of the tunnel. The positive attitudes of children during these periods of time might be actually the solution we are looking for. Research found that:

·      Children who view physical activity and eating healthy positively are more likely to have a healthy lifestyle. 

·      Positive attitudes are linked to having a better mental health and wellbeing during the lockdowns. 

·      Parents can take advantage of behaviours like gaming and use it to increase social interaction and physical activity. 

·      Parents can use lockdowns to develop healthier eating habits that are beneficial for children. 

                                                    

This is our new reality. Even if we have not been in a lockdown for over a year, we never know when we may go back. It’s important to be prepared. A healthy development is needed for children we can help them achieve this during these harsh times. Avoiding unhealthy lifestyles is ideal because they can create psychological issues later in life. We can’t control lockdowns, but we can make them better for our children. Make their future better, healthier.